An international team of Oregon State University scientists, documentary（纪录片） filmmakers and environmental advocates（拥护者，提倡者） has uncovered an apparent illegal trade in whalemeat, linking whales killed in Japan's controversial scientific whaling program to sushi（寿司） restaurants in Seoul, South Korea, and Los Angeles, Calif. Genetic² analysis of sashimi（生鱼片） served at a prominent（突出的，显著的） Los Angeles sushi restaurant in October of 2009 has confirmed that the strips of raw meat purchased by filmmakers of the Oscar-winning documentary, "The Cove¹," came from a sei whale（鳁鲸） – most likely from Japanese "scientific whaling."

"The sequences were identical to sei whale products that had previously³ been purchased in Japan in 2007 and 2008, which means they not only came from the same area of the ocean – but possibly from the same distinct population," said Scott Baker⁴, associate director of the Marine⁵ Mammal Institute at Oregon State University, who conducted the analysis.

"And since the international moratorium⁶（延期偿付，中止） on commercial hunting (1986), there has been no other known source of sei whales available commercially other than in Japan," Baker added. "This underscores the very real problem of the illegal international trade of whalemeat products."

Results of the study were published in the Royal Society journal Biology Letters.

"The Cove" director Louie Psihoyos and assistant director Charles Hambleton gained the attention of international news media recently by covertly⁷（偷偷摸摸地，秘密地） filming the serving of whale products at The Hump restaurant. Following initial identification of the samples taken from the restaurant, the products were turned over to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric⁸ Administration's law enforcement division and in March, federal prosecutors⁹ filed a criminal complaint against the restaurant, which since has closed.

Baker said the samples taken from The Hump cannot conclusively¹⁰（最后地，决定性地） be linked to an individual whale because genetic identity records of animals killed through Japan's scientific whaling are not released by the Japanese government. In their paper in Biology Letters, Baker and 10 co-authors – including "The Cove" filmmakers – call for Japan to share its DNA¹¹ register of whales taken from that country's scientific whaling program and "bycatch（副渔获物，误捕） " whaling.

"Our ability to use genetics as a tool to monitor whale populations around the world has advanced significantly over the past few years," Baker said, "but unless we have access to all of the data – including those whales killed under Japan's scientific whaling – we cannot provide resource managers with the best possible science.

"This is not just about better control of whaling itself," Baker added, "but getting a better handle on the international trade of whale products."

In their paper published in Biology Letters, lead author Baker and colleagues from the Korean Federation¹² of Environmental Movements also report on 13 whale products purchased at a sushi restaurant in Seoul, South Korea, during two 2009 visits. The sushi was part of a mixed plate of "whale sashimi," and genetic testing by Baker and OSU's Debbie Steel determined¹³ that four of the products were from an Antarctic minke whale（小须鲸） , four were from a sei whale, three were from a North Pacific minke whale, one was from a fin¹⁴ whale（长须鲸） , and one was from a Risso's dolphin.

Further testing by collaborators from Seoul National University confirmed the individual identity of the whale products by DNA "profiling."

The DNA profile of the fin whale meat from the Seoul restaurant genetically¹⁵ matched products purchased by Baker's colleague, Naoko Funahashi, in Japanese markets in 2007 – strongly suggesting it came from the same whale.

"Since the international moratorium, it has been assumed that there is no international trade in whale products," Baker said. "But when products from the same whale are sold in Japan in 2007 and in Korea in 2009, it suggests that international trade, though illegal, is still an issue. Likewise, the Antarctic minke whale is not found in Korean waters, but it is hunted by Japan's controversial scientific whaling program in the Antarctic.

"How did it show up in a restaurant in Seoul?"

Baker has developed an international reputation for（名声 ，名气） his research in determining the origin of whalemeat products sold in markets around the world. His research on identification of dolphin meat contaminated with high levels of mercury（水银，精神） was featured in "The Cove," where he worked with Psihoyos and Hambleton.

In their paper, the authors describe the long legacy¹⁶（遗赠，遗产） of falsifying（伪造，歪曲） whale catch records, beginning with the Soviet¹⁷ Union, which failed to account for more than 100,000 whales it killed in the 20th century. This illegal, unreported or unregulated whaling "continues today under the cover of incidental fisheries bycatch and scientific whaling."