例题解析：
passage 1
Soot¹ （煤灰） and Snow：a Hot Combination
 
  New research from NASA scientists suggests emissions³ of black soot alter the way
sunlight reflects off snow．According to a computer simulation，black soot may be
responsible for 25 percent of observed global warming over the past century．
  Soot in the higher latitudes⁴ of the Earth，where ice is more common，absorbs more of the sun’s energy and warmth than an icy,white background．Dark-colored black carbon，or soot，absorbs sunlight, while lighter⁵ colored ice reflects sunlight．
  Soot in areas with snow and ice may play an important role in climate change．Also，if snow and ice covered areas begin melting，the warming effect increases，as the soot becomes more concentrated on the snow surface．”This provides a positive feedback．as glaciers⁶ and ice sheets melt，they tend to get even dirtier,”said Dr．James Hansen，a researcher at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies．New York．
  Hansen found soot’s effect on snow albedo (solar energy reflected back to space)，which may be contributing to trends toward early springs in the Northern Hemisphere，such as thinning Arctic sea ice，melting glaciers and permafrost．Soot also is believed to play a role in changes in the atmosphere above the oceans and land．
  “Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back into space，thus heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon‘，”Hansen said．Soot’s increased absorption of solar energy is especially effective in warming the world’s climate．
“This forcing is unusually effective，causing twice as much global warming as a
 carbon．dioxide forcing of the same magnitude．’’Hansen noted⁷．
   Hansen cautioned，although the role of soot in altering global climate is substantial，it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century．Such gases are expected to be the largest climate forcing for the rest of this century．
  The researchers found that observed warming in the Northern Hemisphere was large in the winter and spring at middle and high latitudes．These observations were consistent with the researchers’climate model simulations．which showed some of the 1argest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight．
 
1．Paragraph 3 __.
2．Paragraph4 __.
3．Paragraph 6 __.
4．Paragraph 7 __.
5．  In the twentieth century，soot __.
A Soot’s Role in Changes in the Climate and the Atmosphere
B Observations of Warming in the Northern Hemisphere
C Explanation of Increased Warming Effect Caused by Soot
D Effect to Reduce Snow Albedo
E Ways to Reduce Soot Emission²
F Greenhouse Gases as the Main Factor of G10bal Warming
 
5. In the twentieth century, soot ___.
6．Hansen cautioned that greenhouse gases__.
7．  Black soot covered snow and ice__.
8．       A soot forcing is unusually effective，which__.
A produces much more global warming than a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude
B  contributed to 25 percent of observed global warming
C  can produce greenhouse gases
D  absorb more of sun’s energy and warmth than white background
E  still surpass soot in warming the world’S climate during the last century
F  can be seen mostly in the Northern Hemisphere

答案及解析：
1．   文章标题分析：Soot （煤灰） and Snow：a Hot Combination
根据标题内容可以判断该文章与自然环境（环境污染）有关。
 
2．被选项分析：
A Soot’s Role in Changes in the Climate and the Atmosphere
B Observations of Warming in the Northern Hemisphere
C Explanation of Increased Warming Effect Caused by Soot
C Effect to Reduce Snow Albedo （反照率）
E Ways to Reduce Soot Emission
F Greenhouse Gases as the Main Factor of G1obal Warming
分析：被选项中都涉及到了文章标题所揭示的核心词，划线结构是小标题中的核心结构，也是可以用作答案线索的结构。
 
直接解题：
A Soot’s Role in Changes in the Climate and the Atmosphere
B Observations of Warming in the Northern Hemisphere
C Explanation of Increased Warming Effect Caused by Soot
C Effect to Reduce Snow Albedo （反照率）
E Ways to Reduce Soot Emission
F Greenhouse Gases as the Main Factor of G1obal Warming
 
1．  Paragraph 3 __.
  Soot in areas with snow and ice may play an important role in climate change．Also，if snow and ice- covered areas begin melting，the warming effect increases，as the soot becomes more concentrated on the snow surface．”This provides a positive feedback, as glaciers and ice sheets melt，they tend to get even dirtier,” said Dr．James Hansen，a researcher at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies．New York．
1．C． 分析：段首句的大意和用词似乎在暗示A是答案。但是在下文中没有具体提到soot是如何改变气候的（排除A）。段落中soot出现了两次，因此重点注意包含soot的被选项： C和E。段落中没有提到有关“煤灰散发”的问题，所以排除E，选择C。
提示：在借助段首句内容的时候判断答案的时候还应该扫视一下全文。
 
A Soot’s Role in Changes in the Climate and the Atmosphere
B Observations of Warming in the Northern Hemisphere
C Effect to Reduce Snow Albedo （反照率）
E Ways to Reduce Soot Emission
F Greenhouse Gases as the Main Factor of G1obal Warming
 
2．  Paragraph4 __
（Hansen found soot’s effect on snow albedo (solar energy reflected back to space)，which may be contributing to trends toward early springs in the Northern Hemisphere，such as thinning Arctic sea ice，melting glaciers and permafrost）．Soot also is believed to play a role in changes in the atmosphere above the oceans and land．
2．A．分析：因为段落中soot出现了两次，因此重点注意包含soot的被选项： A和E，同样段落中没有提到有关“煤灰散发”的问题，所以判断A是答案（段落最后一句（观点句）的含义与A一致）
提示：“避重就轻法”—段首句复杂则看段未句。
 
B Observations of Warming in the Northern Hemisphere
C Effect to Reduce Snow Albedo （反照率）
E Ways to Reduce Soot Emission
F Greenhouse Gases as the Main Factor of G1obal Warming
 
3． Paragraph 6 __.
   Hansen cautioned，although the role of soot in altering global climate is substantial，it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century．Such gases are expected to be the largest climate forcing for the rest of this century．
3．  F。 分析：因为段落中gas出现了两次，因此重点注意包含gas的被选项：F。而F中的内容正好与段首句中的核心结构（it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century（它没有改变‘温室效应是在过去的世纪中造成气候变暖的主要原因’这个事实））一致。
 
B Observations of Warming in the Northern Hemisphere
C Effect to Reduce Snow Albedo （反照率）
E Ways to Reduce Soot Emission

4．Paragraph 7 __.
The researchers found that observed warming in the Northern Hemisphere was large  in the winter and spring at middle and high latitudes．（These observations were consistent with the researchers’climate model simulations, which showed some of the 1argest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight．）
4．  B．分析：段首句中出现了Northern Hemisphere，而接下来的句子中出现了“These observations”，这些词都被包含在B中，因此判断B是答案。
 
A produces much more global warming than a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude
B  contributed to 25 percent of observed global warming
C  can produce greenhouse gases
D  absorb more of sun’s energy and warmth than white background
E  still surpass soot in warming the world’s climate during the last century
F  can be seen mostly in the Northern Hemisphere
 
5. In the twentieth century, soot ___.
5. B。分析：结合文章标题（主题）Soot （煤灰） and Snow：a Hot Combination，判断B很可能是答案。也可以借助文章中的相关语句：According to a computer simulation，black soot may be responsible for 25 percent of observed global warming over the past century．
 
A produces much more global warming than a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude
C  can produce greenhouse gases
D  absorb more of sun’s energy and warmth than white background
E  still surpass soot in warming the world’s climate during the last century
F  can be seen mostly in the Northern Hemisphere
6。Hansen cautioned that greenhouse gases__.
6．E． 分析：文章中提到温室气体仍然是造成全球温度上升的主要因素，因此判断E是答案。
 
A produces much more global warming than a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude
C  can produce greenhouse gases
D  absorb more of sun’s energy and warmth than white background
F  can be seen mostly in the Northern Hemisphere
7．  Black soot covered snow and ice__.
7． D。分析：该题可以借助常识直接判断D是答案（带有煤灰的冰和雪要比白色的背景吸收的热量多）。
 
A produces much more global warming than a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude
C  can produce greenhouse gases
F  can be seen mostly in the Northern Hemisphere
8. A soot forcing is unusually effective，which__.
8． A。分析：借助提干中的核心词soot forcing作为答案线索，这样发现答案相关句：Soot’s increased absorption of solar energy is especially effective in warming the world’s climate．“This forcing is unusually effective，causing twice as much global warming as a carbon-dioxide forcing of the same magnitude（数量）.