第三部分：概括大意与完成句子 （每题1分, 共8分）
    阅读下面这篇短文，短文后有2项测试任务：（1）1---4 题要求从所给的6个选项中为第2--5 段每段选择1个正确的小标题；（2）第5--8题要求从所给的6个选项中选择4个正确的选项，分别完成每个句子。请将答案涂在答题卡相应的位置上。
    Soot¹ and Snow：a Hot Combination
    l New research from NASA scientists suggests emissions³ of black soot alter the way sunlight reflects off snow. According to a computer simulation, black soot may be responsible for 25 percent of observed global warming over the past century.
    2 Soot in the higher latitudes⁵ of the Earth, where ice is more common, absorbs more of the sun's energy and warmth than an icy, white background. Dark-colored black carbon, or soot, absorbs sunlight, while lighter⁶ colored ice reflects sunlight.
    3 Soot in areas with snow and ice may play all important role in climate change. Also, if snow and ice covered areas begin melting, the warming effect increases, as the soot becomes more concentrated on the snow surface. "This provides a positive feedback, as glaciers⁸ and ice sheet smelt⁹; they tend to get even dirtier," said Dr. James Hansen, a researcher at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York.
    4 Hansen found soot's effect on snow albedo (solar energy reflected back to space), which may be contributing to trends toward early springs in the Northern Hemisphere, such as thinning Arctic sea ice, melting glaciers and permafrost. Soot also is believed to play a role in changes in the atmosphere above the oceans and land.
    5 "Black carbon reduces the amount of energy reflected by snow back into space, thus heating the snow surface more than if there were no black carbon," Hansen said. Soot's increased absorption of solar energy is especially effective in warming the world's climate. "This forcing is unusually effective, causing twice as much global warming as a carbon dioxide forcing of the same magnitude," Hansen noted¹⁰.
    6 Hansen cautioned, "although the role of soot in altering global climate is substantial, it does not alter the fact that greenhouse gases are the primary cause of climate warming during the past century. Such gases are expected to be the largest climate forcing the rest of this century.
    7 The researchers found that observed warming in the Northern Hemisphere was 1arge in the winter and spring at middle and high latitudes. These observations were consistent with the researchers' climate model simulations, which showed some of the largest warming effects occurred when there were heavy snow cover and sufficient sunlight.
    词汇：
    soot n. 煤烟, 煤灰
    emission² n. 释放, 散发, 排放
    simulation v. 模拟
    latitude⁴ n. 纬度
    glacier⁷ n. 冰川, 冰河
    albedo n. 反照率
    permafrost n. 永冻层
    forcing n. 温室作用
    dioxide n. 二氧化物
    magnitude n. 量, 大小
    练习：
    1. Paragraph 3____________
    2. Paragraph 4____________
    3. Paragraph 6____________
    4. Paragraph 7____________
    5. In the twentieth century, soot____________
    6. Hansen cautioned that greenhouse gases____________
    7. Black soot covered snow and ice____________
    8. A soot forcing is unusually effective, which____________
    第四部分：阅读理解（每题3分, 共45分）
    下面有3篇短文，每篇短文后有5道题，每道题后面有4个选项。请仔细阅读短文并根据短文回答其后面的问题，从4个选项中选择1个最佳答案涂在答题卡相应的位置上。
    第1篇
    Medical Journals
    Medical journals are publications that report medical information to physicians and other health professionals.
    In the past, these journals were available only in print. With the development of electronic publishing, many medical journals now have Web sites on the Internet, and some journals publish only online. A few medical journals, like the Journal of the American Medical Association, are considered general medical journals because they cover many fields of medicine. Most medical journals are specialty¹¹ journals that focus on a particular area of medicine.
    Medical journals publish many types of articles. Research articles report the results of research studies on a range of topics varying from the basic mechanisms¹² of diseases to clinical trials that compare outcomes of different treatments. Review articles summarize and analyze¹³ the information available on a specific topic based on a careful search of the medical literature.
    Because the results of individual research studies can be affected¹⁴ by many factors, combining results from different studies on the same topic can be helpful in reaching conclusions about the scientific evidence for preventing, diagnosing or treating a particular disease. Case conferences and case reports may be published in medical journals to educate physicians about particular illnesses and how to treat at them. Editorials in medical journals are short essays that express the views of the authors, often regarding a research or review article published in the same issue.
    Editorials provide perspective on how the current article fits with other information on the same topic. Letters to the editor provide a way for readers of the medical journal to express comments, questions or criticisms about articles published in that journal.
    1. The main readers of medical journals are__________
    A)the general public.
    B)health professionals.
    C)medical critics.
    D、news reporters.
    2. Which of the following statements is NOT true?
    A) Many medical journals also publish online.
    B)A few medical journals are general medical journals.
    C)Most medical journals publish only online.
    D)Most medical journals are specialty journals.
    3. How many major types of articles are mentioned in the passage?
    A、Five.
    B)Seven.
    C)Four.
    D)Six.
    4. An article dealing¹⁵ with results from different studies on the same topic is called_________
    A)a research article.
    B)a review article.
    C)a case report.
    D)an editorial.
    5. Letters to the editor enable readers of a medical journal to express comments on________
    A)any medical event.
    B) articles published in the same issue.
    C)articles published in that journal
    D)medical development.

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