2.概括大意与完成句子：
The molecules¹ of carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere affect the heat balance of the Earth by acting² as a one-way screen. Although these molecules allow radiation at visible wavelengths³, where most of the energy of sunlight is concentrated, to pass through, they absorb some of the longer-wavelength infrared⁵ emissions⁶ radiated from the Earth's surface, radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space. For the Earth's surface, radiation that would otherwise be transmitted back into space. For the Earth to maintain a constant average temperature, such emissions from the planet must balance incoming solar radiation. If there were no carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, heat would escape from the Earth much more easily. The surface temperature would be so much lower that the oceans might be a solid mass of ice.
Today, however, the potential problem is too much carbon dioxide. The burning of fossil fuels and the clearing of the forests have increased atmospheric⁷ carbon dioxide by about 15 percent in the 1st hundred years, and we continue to add carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. Could the increase in carbon dioxide cause a global rise in average temperature and could such a rise have serious consequences for human society? Mathematical models that allow us to calculate the rise in temperature as a function of the increase indicate that the answer is probably yes.
Under present conditions a temperature can be observed at an altitude of 5 to 6 kilometers above the Earth. Below this altitude （called the radiating level）, the temperature increases by about per kilometer approaching the Earth's surface, where the average temperature is bout⁸. An increase in the amount of carbon dioxide means that there are more molecules of carbon dioxide to absorb infrared radiation. As the capacity of the atmosphere to absorb infrared radiation increase, the radiating level and the temperature of the surface must rise.
One mathematical model predicts that doubling the atmospheric carbon dioxide would raise the global mean surface temperature. This model assumes that the atmosphere's relative humidity remains¹⁰ constant and the temperature decreases with altitude at a rate of per kilometer.
The assumption of constant relative humidity is important, because water vapor¹¹ in the atmosphere is another efficient absorber of radiation at infrared wavelengths. Because warm air can hold more moisture than cool air, the relative humidity will be constant only if the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as the temperature rises. Therefore, more infrared radiation would be adsorbed and reradiated back to the Earth's surface. The resultant warming at the surface could be expected to melt snow and ice, reducing the Earth's reflectivity. More solar radiation would then be absorbed, leading to a further increase in temperature.
23. Paragraph 1 ______
24. Paragraph 3 ______
25. Paragraph 4 ______
26. Paragraph 5 ______
A. The prediction of the model
B. The influence on temperature
C. The effect of carbon dioxide
D. The potential problem
E. The import of the assumption
F. The serious consequences
27. Nowadays, too much carbon dioxide ______.
28. The radiating level and the temperature of the surface must rise because of _____.
29. Only if the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases as the temperature rises, the atmosphere's relative humidity ______.
30. An increase in the amount of carbon dioxide means that there are more molecules of carbon dioxide ______.
A. will be constant
B. to absorb infrared radiation
C. is becoming the potential problem
D. prepare ourselves to be chemists, physicist
E. increasing capacity of the atmosphere to absorb infrared radiation
F. escape from the earth much more easily
3.阅读理解：
Sleep Loss and Its Effects
Mental fatigue¹² can be as threatening as a heart attack. Recent evidence indicates that sleepiness is a leading cause of traffic and industrial accidents. “Human error causes between 60% and 90% of all workplace accidents, depending on the type of job,” observes biological psychologist David Dinges of the University of Pennsylvania. “And inadequate¹³ sleep is a major factor in human error” , other research suggests that sleep loss contributes to everything from drug abuse to poor grades in school.
A typical adult needs about eight hours of shut-eye a night to function effectively. By that standard, million of Americans are for a long time sleep deprived, trying to get by on six hours or even less. In many household cheating on sleep has become an unconscious and harmful habit. “In its mid⁹ form, it's watching Ted⁴ Koppel and going to bed late and then getting up early to get to the gym,” says Cornell's Pollak. In extreme cases people stay up most of the night, seeing how little sleep will keep them going. They try to compensate¹⁴ by sleeping late on weekends, but that makes up for only part of the shortfall. Over the months and years, some researchers believe, the imbalance builds up and the effects accumulate. “Most Americans no longer know what it feels like to the fully¹⁵ alert,” contends Dr. William Dement, director of Stanford University's Sleep Center. They go through the day in a sort of twilight¹⁶ zone; the eyes may be wade¹⁷ open, but the brain is partly shut down.
Single parent Dianna Bennett, 43, works as a nurse at a correctional facility in Gardner, Mass. To be able to spend time with her three children during the day, she works the night shift, a schedule that usually allows her no more than four hours of sleep, “My kids tell me I am always tired.” She says. Amy Schwartzman, 35, a law student at Yale University, gets up at 9 a.m. and then, she attends classes and simulated court and work as a research assistant, often does not get home until 10 p.m. Nights of throwing into bed at 3 a.m. makes her feel “as if my brain isn't moving as quickly as it should be.” Noting that the circles under her eyes keep getting darker, “My mother told me I look like a raccoon.” Says Schwartzman.
31. Sleep loss contributes to everything EXCEPT______.
A. drug abuse
B. poor school grades
C. work effect
D. accidents
32. According to the passage, on weekends some people always ______.
A. go to bed
B. go to bed early
C. get up late
D. get up early
33. Because of sleep loss, most American ______.
A. have wide open eyes
B. are not fully alert
C. try to sleep more
D. live in the twilight zone
34. Though not stated, the author implies that ______.
A. American drug abuse is connected with loss of sheep
B. American students' poor grades result from lack of sleep
C. Adequate sleep is necessary for people's health
D. Accidents in the states could be reduced by more sleep
35. In his passage, which of the following is NOT mentioned by the author?
A. How interesting American night life is.
B. How busy some Americans are.
C. Some Americans' attitude toward sleep.
D. People should have more sleep.
4.阅读理解：
Diseases of Agricultural Plants
Plants, like animals, are subject to diseases of various kinds. It has been estimated that some 30,000 different diseases attack our economic plant: forty are known to attack, and about as many attack wheat. The results of unchecked plant disease are all too obvious in countries which have marginal food supplies. The problem will soon be more widespread as the population of the world increases at its frightening rate. Even in countries which are now amply fed by their agricultural products, there could soon be critical food shortages. It is easy to imagine the consequences of some disastrous¹⁸ attack on one of the major crops; the resulting famines could kill millions of people, and the resulting hardship on other millions could cause political upheavals¹⁹ disastrous to the order of the world.
Some plants have relative immunity²⁰ to a great many diseases, while others have a susceptibility to them. The tolerance²¹ of a particular plant changes as the growing conditions change. A blight²² may be but a local infection easily controlled, on the other hand it can attack particular plants in a whole region or nation. An example is the blight which killed virtually every chestnut²³ tree in North American. Another is the famous potato blight in Ireland in the last century. As a result of that, it was estimated that one million people died of starvation and related ailments²⁴.
Plant pathologists have made remarkable²⁵ strides in identifying the pathogens of the various diseases. Bacteria may invade a plant through an infestation²⁶ of insect parasites²⁷ carrying the pathogen. A plant can also be inoculated²⁸ by man. Other diseases might be caused by fungus²⁹ which attacks the plant in the form of a mold or smut or rust³⁰. Frequently such a primary infection will weaken the plant so that a secondary infection may result from its lack of tolerance. The symptoms shown may cause an error in diagnosis³¹, so that treatment may be directed toward bacteria which could be the result of a susceptibility caused by a primary virus infection.
36. How many diseases are known to attack wheat?
A. Around 30,000.
B. Around 140.
C. Around 29,960.
D. Around 40.
37. According to this passage, which of the following would a plant disease result in if it was left unchecked?
A. A world war.
B. Border conflicts.
C. Rations³² of grain and meat.
D. Social upheavals.
38. What is the main idea of the second paragraph?
A. Some plants have relative immunity to a great many diseases, while others have a susceptibility to them.
B. The tolerance of a particular plant changes as the growing conditions change.
C. A blight killed virtually every chestnut tree in North American.
D. A blight may be a national infection.
39. According to the passage, some plant diseases can be prevented by ______.
A. killing³³ parasites
B. inoculation
C. killing insects
D. improving growing conditions
40. Which of the following statements is not true?
A. Some plant diseases many be caused by bacteria.
B. Some plant diseases many be caused by pathogens.
C. Some plant diseases many be caused by fungus.
D. Symptoms are always helpful in identifying diseases.

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