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各类机构或组织的首长其汉语称谓译成英语时虽可套用通用词 head,但从比较严格的意义上看,应使用特定的、规范的称谓语。例如:
校长(大学) President of Beijing University
校长(中小学) Principal /Headmaster of Donghai Middle School
院长(大学下属) Dean of the Graduate School
系主任(大学学院下属) Chair/Chairman of the English Department
会长/主席(学/协会) President of the Student Union, Shanghai University
厂长(企业) Director of the Machine Tools Manufacturing Plant
院长(医院) President of Huadong Hospital
主任(中心) Director of the Business Center
主任(行政) Director of Foreign Affairs Office
董事长(企业) President/Chairman of the Board of Directors
董事长(学校) President/Chairman of the Board of Trustees
首席长官的汉语称谓常以“总……”表示,而表示首席长官的英语称谓语则常带有 chief general, head , managing 这类词,因此当翻译冠以“总”字的头衔时,需遵循英语头衔的表达习惯:
总书记 general secretary
总工程师 chief engineer
总会计师 chief accountant
总建筑师 chief architect
总编辑 chief editor; editor-in-chief; managing editor
总出纳 chief cashier; general cashier
总经理 general manager; managing director; executive head
总代理 general agent
总教练 head coach
总导演 head director
总干事 secretary-general;commissioner
总指挥 commander-in-chief; generalissimo
总厨 head cook; chef
有些部门或机构的首长或主管的英译,可以用一些通用的头衔词表示,例如下列机构的负责人可以用 director, head 或 chief 来表示:
司(部属)department
厅(省属)department
署(省属)office(行署为administrative office)
局 bureau
所 institute
处 division
科 section
股 section
室 office
教研室 program / section
例:
局长 director of the bureau; head of the bureau; bureau chief。
另外,公署专员叫作commissioner,其办事机构叫作“专员公署”,英语为 prefectural commissioner's office。
汉语中表示副职的头衔一般都冠以“副”字,英译时需视词语的固定搭配或表达习惯等情况,可选择 vice6, associate, assistant, deputy 等词。相对而言,vice 使用面较广,例如:
副总统(或大学副校长等)vice president
副主席(或系副主任等)vice chairman
副部长 vice minister
副省长 vice governor
副市长 vice mayor
副领事 vice consul
副校长(中小学)vice principal
行政职务的副职头衔与学术头衔的“副”职称往往用不同的词表达,最为常用的英语词是 associate,例如:
副教授 associate professor
副研究员 associate research fellow
副主编 associate managing editor
副编审 associate senior editor
副审判长 associate judge
副研究馆员 associate research fellow of ... (e.g. library science)
副译审 associate senior translator
副主任医师 associate senior doctor
当然,有些英语职位头衔,如 manager 和 headmaster,其副职头衔可冠以 assistant,例如:
副总经理 assistant / deputy general manager; assistant / deputy managing director
大堂副理(宾馆)assistant manager
副校长(中小学)assistant headmaster
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