Alcohol misuse¹ is a problem among UK troops who have been in Afghanistan and Iraq, but serious mental disorders³ are not as common as feared, a study says.

一项调查显示，对于曾经驻守阿富汗和伊拉克的英国士兵来说，饮酒无度成为一个普遍存在的问题，但是严重的精神疾病却不如预想普遍。

Rates of PTSD have remained stable, the researchers said.

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder² (PTSD创伤后精神紧张性精神障碍) rates are low despite many deployments（调度，部署） in foreign combat zones, a study in The Lancet based on 10,000 personnel found.

They are significantly lower than those reported among US troops, it adds.

King's College researchers said the UK needed to shift emphasis from PTSD onto more prevalent（流行的，普遍的） drinking problems.

The study, headed by Dr Nicola Fear and Professor Simon Wessely, surveyed nearly 10,000 regular personnel and reservists（后背军人） , asking them about their mental health and drinking habits.

It followed nearly a decade of the British being engaged abroad, including a six-year military mission in Iraq and ongoing⁴ operations in Afghanistan.

'Bonding role'

The prevalence of possible PTSD was just 4% - stable from the last major study carried out between 2003 and 2005.

It was slightly higher among the regulars who were deployed⁵, but the high rates that some had feared as a result of ongoing missions and multiple deployments have not materialised, the study reported.

This is in sharp contrast to the US, where some estimates put rates of PTSD as high as 10-15% among those who have seen action.

While differences in the intensity⁶ of combat may account for some of this gap, the fact that US soldiers must show they have been harmed in service to access free medical care may inflate⁷（膨胀，充气） some of the figures, the researchers suggest.

At 20%, less severe mental disorders such as depression, anxiety and insomnia⁸ were not insignificant⁹, but probably at rates lower than in the general population.

But there had been an impact of nearly a decade of combat operations, and this was most notable（值得注意的，显著的） with the misuse of alcohol, the researchers said.

Overall 13% of those surveyed reported regularly drinking alcohol to excess, with those regulars who had been deployed more than 20% more likely to have problems.

Professor Wessely said the issue had to be treated with care as alcohol did play an important role in soldiers' lives.

"It plays a key role in bonding, as well as relieving anxiety and stress. But there is no such thing as a free lunch."

'Warrior¹⁰ effect'

But he stressed that while rates for all problems were higher in those deployed than those who had not been, the number of deployments did not seem to affect the chances of reporting a mental disorder.

This may be explained by the "healthy warrior effect" - in other words, those who are the most psychologically resilient（有弹力的） go on to further deployments, while those who are unwell do not.

And while rates of mental disorders were not rising, Professor Wessely warned that by the very virtue¹¹ of the increasing numbers who have served in recent years, more will eventually require the help of the NHS - which will need to anticipate this increase.

An accompanying Lancet editorial noted¹²: "Contrary to reports in the mainstream¹³ media, there is not an epidemic¹⁴ of mental health problems in this group of service personnel."

But it added: "This group is at increased risk of the social complications of excessive drinking such as violence and relationship breakdowns¹⁵. Although having introduced some alcohol-control policies, the armed forces need to reassess whether they are rigorous（严格的，严酷的） enough."

The Ministry¹⁶ of Defence, which funded the independent research, said it took issues of problem drinking very seriously.

A spokesman said: "Individuals identified as being at risk from alcohol problems receive counselling and welfare support. This can include attendance on preventative early intervention¹⁷ programmes designed to alert them to the harm that alcohol can cause to themselves and others.

"More serious cases are treated through specialist medical and psychological treatment and rehabilitation¹⁸（复原） , including where appropriate as in-patient. The consumption of alcohol is strictly¹⁹ regulated when personnel are serving on operations and disciplinary measures（纪律措施） are taken where necessary."