They have revealed that night owls² are generally brighter and wealthier than those able to get up early in the morning.

 

Experts from the University of Madrid carried out tests on around 1,000 teenagers and found that those who preferred to stay up late demonstrated the kind of intelligence associated with prestigious³ jobs and higher incomes.

 

Larks⁴ or 'morning people', however, often secured better exam results, possibly because lessons are held at the wrong time of day for night owls.

 

The researchers examined the habits and body clocks of the youngsters to determine whether they liked to stay up late and sleep in later in the morning, or preferred to go to bed early and were at their peak in the morning.

 

School performance and inductive（归纳的，感应的） intelligence, or problem solving, were measured and academic grades in the major subjects were also taken into account.

 

The results showed that evening types scored higher than morning types on inductive reasoning, which has been shown to be a good estimate of general intelligence and a strong indicator⁵ of academic performance.

 

They also had a greater capacity to think conceptually as well as analytically⁶. Such abilities have been linked to innovative⁷ thinking, more prestigious occupations and better incomes.

 

Famous night owls include President Obama, Charles Darwin, Winston Churchill, Keith Richards and Elvis Presley.

 

George W Bush, who is regularly in bed by 10pm, Thomas Edison, Napoleon, Condoleezza Rice, who wakes at 4.30am, and Ernest Hemingway are among those known as larks.

 

Jim Horne, professor of psychophysiology at Loughborough University, said: 'Evening types tend to be the more extrovert⁸ creative types, the poets, artists and inventors, while the morning types are the deducers, as often seen with civil servants and accountants.'

 

A previous study of US Air Force recruits found evening types were much better at thinking laterally⁹ to solve problems than larks.

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