Data was collected on hundreds of thousands of men from 15 European countries. 

 

For British men, the average height at age 21 rose from 167.05cm (5ft 5in) in 1871-75 to 177.37cm (5ft 10in) in 1971-75.

 

A public health expert said height was a "useful barometer¹" but it was crucial to focus on improving health overall.

 

The paper, published in the journal Oxford² Economic Papers, looked at data from sources including military records and modern population surveys from the 1870s to 1980 in 15 European countries. 

 

It looked only at male height because there was too little historical data for women. 

 

 

Genes⁴ may be commonly seen as the main determinant of height, but although they explain the difference between individuals, they would not explain the trend seen in this paper, its lead author said.

 

Prof Tim Hatton of the University of Essex said there was no "Darwinian explanation" to the trend. "People are surviving in the 20th Century who would not have survived in the 19th," he added.

 

The researchers said the gene³ pool "cannot account for substantial increases in mean stature⁵（身高，身材） over four or five generations".

 

Growth is significantly affected⁶ by what happens in the first two years of life, they said.

 

So, a high rate of illnesses such as respiratory diseases or diarrhoeas（腹泻） - which caused many infant deaths - would also affect survivors⁷' development and therefore their subsequent height.

 

Infant mortality rates fell significantly throughout the period studied.

 

Another factor taken into account by the researchers was an increasing move to smaller families - meaning fewer people to feed.

 

Higher income, more sanitary⁸ living conditions and better education about health and nutrition could also have had an effect, they said.

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